Physics & Chemistry
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Working without a telescope, this 16th-century Danish astronomer recorded the most precise planetary data of his age.
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This German physicist was the first to broadcast and detect radio waves in a laboratory.
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This American physicist is the only person to have won the Nobel Prize in Physics twice.
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This physicist worked out the nuclear reactions that keep stars like the sun burning for billions of years.
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This 18th-century Italian scholar became the first woman to hold a university physics professorship.
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All 100 questions in this topic, with answers — use it to study, or just browse. Every actual play of the puzzle only pulls a random handful of these into one game, so knowing them all here won't spoil which ones show up or where they're hidden in the grid. Play it here.
This Swedish scientist founded the study of plasma behavior in magnetic fields, later named for him.
ALFVENThis physicist showed that particles can seem to instantly affect each other no matter how far apart they are.
ASPECTThis physicist discovered cosmic rays after carrying detectors aloft in a series of balloon flights.
HESSThis Soviet physicist explained how certain superconductors keep working even inside strong magnetic fields.
ABRIKOSOVThis physicist explained why certain numbers of protons or neutrons make an atomic nucleus especially stable.
MAYERThis French physicist proposed that particles like electrons also travel as waves.
BROGLIEThis physicist developed laser techniques to slow and trap atoms near absolute zero.
CHUThis 18th-century scientist's torsion-balance experiment first measured gravitational attraction in a laboratory.
CAVENDISHThis ancient Indian astronomer calculated that Earth's own rotation, not the sky, causes day and night.
ARYABHATAThis physicist predicted a measurable attractive force between two uncharged metal plates in a vacuum.
CASIMIRThis Serbian-American inventor championed alternating current as the standard for electrical power systems.
TESLAAn equation describing turbulence and shock waves in fluids carries this Dutch physicist's name.
BURGERSThis Scottish physicist's equations unified electricity, magnetism, and light into one theory.
MAXWELLThis French engineer defined the theoretical ceiling on how efficient any heat engine can ever be.
CARNOTThis British physicist discovered the neutron in 1932, completing the basic picture of the atomic nucleus.
CHADWICKThis Italian physicist explained the angle that governs how quark types mix during radioactive weak decay.
CABIBBOThis physicist championed the theory that light elements formed through nuclear reactions after the Big Bang.
GAMOWThis 11th-century scholar in Cairo correctly argued that vision works because light enters the eye, not leaves it.
ALHAZENThis physicist built the first self-sustaining nuclear chain reactor under a Chicago stadium in 1942.
FERMIThis Italian scientist's frog-leg experiments led him to describe what he called animal electricity.
GALVANIThis physicist proposed the field that gives fundamental particles their mass, confirmed at CERN in 2012.
HIGGSThis scientist co-invented a microscope so precise it can image individual atoms one at a time.
BINNIGThis English physicist showed that heat and mechanical work are simply different forms of the same energy.
JOULEThis British scientist discovered that a changing magnetic field can generate an electric current.
FARADAYThis physicist invented intuitive diagrams for calculating particle interactions in quantum theory.
FEYNMANThis Danish physicist pictured electrons circling the atomic nucleus in fixed, quantized orbits.
BOHRThis German astronomer worked out that planets travel in ellipses, not perfect circles, around the sun.
KEPLERThis German mathematician advanced the theory behind magnetic fields and gave his name to a unit of magnetism.
GAUSSThis German physicist gave the modern statement of the second law of thermodynamics, involving entropy.
CLAUSIUSThis 17th-century scientist's law states that a gas's pressure rises as its volume shrinks, at constant temperature.
BOYLEThis physicist refined the cloud chamber technique, letting scientists photograph cosmic ray particles and antimatter.
BLACKETTThis researcher's work on semiconductor heterostructures underlies the lasers used in every CD and DVD player.
ALFEROVThis Swiss mathematician's formulas and notation still underpin huge areas of modern physics.
EULERThis 18th-century Scottish chemist discovered that heat can change a substance's state without raising its temperature.
BLACKThis British physicist predicted the existence of antimatter from a single elegant equation.
DIRACThis physicist led India's early nuclear research program and studied how cosmic rays interact with matter.
BHABHAThis Swiss mathematician and teacher showed that hydrogen's spectral lines fit a simple mathematical pattern.
BALMERThis 19th-century German optician derived the formula that set a hard limit on microscope resolving power.
ABBEThis physicist built some of the earliest particle accelerators that collide beams head-on.
BUDKERA faint blue glow given off by particles outpacing light's speed in water is named for this Soviet physicist.
CHERENKOVThis student, at age 24, spotted the first known pulsar hidden in her own radio telescope data.
BURNELLThis German physicist invented a coincidence-counting method for tracking individual cosmic ray particles.
BOTHEThis scientist co-developed nuclear magnetic resonance, the physics principle behind medical MRI scanners.
BLOCHThis American astronomer devised the stellar classification system that groups stars by spectrum letters like O and B.
CANNONWork by this Indian physicist laid part of the foundation for a whole class of particles named bosons.
BOSEThis British physicist discovered the ionized atmospheric layer that lets radio signals bounce around the globe.
APPLETONThis French physicist stumbled onto radioactivity when uranium salts fogged a photographic plate in a dark drawer.
BECQUERELThis physicist proposed that quantum particles are guided by hidden variables rather than pure chance.
BOHMThis astrophysicist correctly predicted that the sun should be flooding Earth with ghostly particles called neutrinos.
BAHCALLThis Italian scientist's number tells you how many particles are in one mole of any substance.
AVOGADROThis physicist improved long-distance radio transmission and helped invent the cathode-ray tube display.
BRAUNThis American physicist measured the speed of light with record precision and co-ran a famous ether-detecting experiment.
MICHELSONThis Austrian physicist explained why a siren's pitch changes as it speeds past a listener.
DOPPLERThis American scientist discovered a form of electromagnetic induction just after a European rival published first.
HENRYThis physicist discovered that certain ceramic materials could superconduct at unusually warm temperatures.
BEDNORZThis scientist proposed that a giant asteroid strike, not slow change, wiped out the dinosaurs.
ALVAREZTogether with a colleague, this scientist described how an electric current generates a surrounding magnetic field.
BIOTThis Austrian physicist linked entropy to the probability of a system's atomic arrangements.
BOLTZMANNThis scientist developed the concept of free energy that predicts whether a chemical reaction will occur spontaneously.
GIBBSThis French physicist used a giant swinging pendulum to give the first direct proof that Earth rotates.
FOUCAULTThis American physicist discovered the positron, the antimatter twin of the electron, in 1932.
ANDERSONThis physicist showed that the square of a particle's wave function gives the probability of finding it somewhere.
BORNA unit once common for measuring light wavelengths, equal to a ten-billionth of a meter, bears this Swedish name.
ANGSTROMThis English mathematician formulated the law of universal gravitation and the laws of motion.
NEWTONThis German physicist's idea that energy comes in discrete packets launched the field of quantum theory.
PLANCKThis Austrian-Swedish physicist worked out the theory explaining why splitting a uranium nucleus releases energy.
MEITNERThis medieval Persian polymath described an early version of inertia, the tendency of motion to persist.
AVICENNAThis scientist explained the branching showers of particles triggered when a cosmic ray hits the atmosphere.
AUGERThis physicist and chemist discovered a second form of radioactivity, created rather than found in nature.
CURIEThis British physicist discovered that different elements give off their own distinct, identifiable X-rays.
BARKLAThis German chemist discovered nuclear fission by splitting uranium atoms with neutrons in 1938.
HAHNThis scientist's X-ray images provided crucial evidence for the double-helix structure of DNA.
FRANKLINA father-and-son team share this surname and a Nobel Prize for explaining how X-rays diffract off crystals.
BRAGGThis German physicist stated the principle that energy can change form but is never created or destroyed.
HELMHOLTZThis physicist devised a mathematical test that experiments could use to check whether hidden variables exist.
BELLThis physicist invented the bubble chamber, letting scientists photograph the tracks of subatomic particles.
GLASERThis physicist's theory of relativity reshaped how we understand space, time, and gravity.
EINSTEINThis physicist co-developed the theory explaining how hydrogen and helium formed minutes after the Big Bang.
ALPHERThis French engineer helped establish that light travels as a wave rather than a stream of particles.
FRESNELThis physicist's early theoretical work helped lay the groundwork for quantum computing.
DEUTSCHThis Soviet physicist helped build some of the earliest working lasers and masers.
BASOVThis American engineer invented the first wireless remote control, originally built for television sets.
ADLERThis Norwegian scientist helped turn weather prediction into a physics-based science using fluid equations.
BJERKNESThis principle, often used to explain lift, says a moving fluid's pressure falls as its speed rises.
BERNOULLIThis 17th-century scientist's law states that a spring stretches in direct proportion to the force pulling it.
HOOKEThis physicist's tabletop experiment showed that quantum particles really do violate Bell's famous inequality.
CLAUSERThis Dutch scientist proposed that light spreads outward as a wave rather than as particles.
HUYGENSThis physicist co-built the classic handheld device that clicks when it detects radiation.
GEIGERThis astronomer showed that distant galaxies are racing away from us, revealing an expanding universe.
HUBBLEThis Scottish physicist identified the exact angle at which reflected light becomes completely polarized.
BREWSTERThis Italian astronomer aimed a telescope at Jupiter's moons and undermined the Earth-centered universe.
GALILEOThe SI base unit of electric current is named after this French scientist.
AMPEREThis American inventor developed the first commercially practical long-lasting incandescent lightbulb.
EDISONThis 19th-century scholar became the first African American to earn a doctorate in physics in the United States.
BOUCHETThis American physicist pioneered the study of matter squeezed under extremely high pressure.
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