History & Events
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Play This Puzzle →A few sample clues
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ Brunelleschi engineered the massive dome of Florence Cathedral without external scaffolding.
Leonardo's mural showing Jesus's final meal with the apostles is titled 'The Last _ _ _ _ _ _.'
Michelangelo's sculpture of Mary cradling the dead Christ is called the _ _ _ _ _.
Michelangelo reportedly nicknamed Ghiberti's bronze Baptistery doors the 'Gates of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.'
Spanish writer Miguel de _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ wrote 'Don Quixote,' often called the first modern novel.
All 100 questions in this topic, with answers — use it to study, or just browse. Every actual play of the puzzle only pulls a random handful of these into one game, so knowing them all here won't spoil which ones show up or where they're hidden in the grid. Play it here.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Copernicus proposed a Sun-centered model of the universe in a book published near his death.
NICOLAUSThis High Renaissance master painted 'The School of Athens' and died young, on his own birthday, at age 37.
RAPHAELVenice's Aldine Press pioneered this slanted style of typeface, still used today for emphasis.
ITALICThis canal city, ruled by a Doge, controlled a vast Mediterranean trading empire during the Renaissance.
VENICEThis city on the Arno River, ruled by a famous banking family, is considered the birthplace of the Renaissance.
FLORENCEThis 'Warrior Pope' commissioned Michelangelo's Sistine ceiling and the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica.
JULIUSPatriarch of a Venetian painting dynasty, this artist helped establish oil painting as Venice's dominant medium.
BELLINIRuled first by the Visconti and then a mercenary dynasty, this northern Italian city-state was a major military power.
MILANEnglish statesman Thomas _ _ _ _ wrote 'Utopia,' describing an ideal imaginary island society.
MORERuled by the Gonzaga family, this small city-state's Basilica of Sant'Andrea showcases Renaissance architecture.
MANTUAIn 1517, this German monk nailed his Ninety-Five Theses to a church door, sparking the Reformation.
LUTHERIn Cervantes's novel, the deluded knight Don Quixote famously charges at these, mistaking them for giants.
WINDMILLSGiovanni Boccaccio's collection of 100 stories told by plague refugees is called 'The _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.'
DECAMERONThis Dutch humanist scholar wrote the satirical bestseller 'In Praise of Folly.'
ERASMUSThis short-lived painter pioneered convincing linear perspective in his fresco 'Holy Trinity' in Florence.
MASACCIO_ _ _ _ _ _ _ Shakespeare, England's most famous playwright, wrote his early plays during the late Renaissance.
WILLIAMGutenberg's press first mass-produced this book around 1455, using movable type for the first time in Europe.
BIBLEOften called the father of accounting, this Italian mathematician popularized double-entry bookkeeping.
PACIOLIThis southern Italian kingdom was ruled at various points by Aragonese and Spanish monarchs during the Renaissance.
NAPLESThis family ruled Mantua for centuries, hiring the painter Andrea Mantegna to decorate their palace.
GONZAGAFlorence Cathedral is popularly known by this Italian word, also used generally for a domed cathedral.
DUOMOThis English poet composed the sprawling allegorical epic 'The Faerie Queene.'
SPENSERThis pope began rebuilding Rome as a Renaissance capital starting in 1447.
NICHOLASIn Dante's 'Inferno,' the ancient Roman poet _ _ _ _ _ _ serves as the narrator's guide through Hell.
VIRGILBotticelli's allegorical painting nicknamed after a season is titled '_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.'
PRIMAVERAThis Flemish physician published a landmark, richly illustrated atlas of human anatomy in 1543.
VESALIUSThis Italian explorer realized the Americas were a separate continent, later lending them his first name.
VESPUCCIThis small hill-town duchy, ruled by the Montefeltro family, produced the painter Raphael.
URBINORaphael's fresco depicting great philosophers of antiquity is titled 'The School of _ _ _ _ _ _.'
ATHENSThis stringed instrument, still played today in essentially unchanged form, was developed in Italy during the 1550s.
VIOLINThis early Renaissance sculptor created the first freestanding bronze nude since antiquity, a bronze David.
DONATELLOA 1439 church council held in Florence was attended by representatives of the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Empire.
BYZANTINEMichelangelo carved this 17-foot marble giant, now in Florence's Accademia Gallery, depicting a Biblical shepherd king.
DAVIDThis astronomer improved the telescope and championed the idea that Earth orbits the Sun.
GALILEO_ _ _ _ _ della Francesca combined mathematical precision with serene religious scenes in his paintings.
PIEROThis Portuguese navigator's expedition achieved the first circumnavigation of the globe, though he died before it finished.
MAGELLANNicknamed 'the Magnificent,' this Medici ruler of Florence was a major arts patron from 1469 onward.
LORENZOThis philosopher wrote the 'Oration on the Dignity of Man,' a cornerstone text of Renaissance humanism.
MIRANDOLAOften called the father of the Renaissance style, this painter broke from flat Byzantine art with his Scrovegni Chapel frescoes.
GIOTTOThis maritime rival of Venice produced the explorer Christopher Columbus.
GENOAThe author of a 100-tale plague-era collection was named Giovanni _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
BOCCACCIOThis painter's illusionistic ceiling fresco in Mantua's Ducal Palace tricks the eye with a painted oculus.
MANTEGNALeonardo's famous ink drawing of a man in two overlapping poses, set inside a circle and square, is called the '_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Man.'
VITRUVIAN_ _ _ _ _ _ del Verrocchio ran the busy Florentine workshop where a young Leonardo trained.
ANDREAThis Flemish painter, credited with perfecting the oil painting technique, created 'The Arnolfini Portrait.'
VANEYCKThe first part of the 'Divine Comedy,' a journey through Hell, is titled '_ _ _ _ _ _ _.'
INFERNOThis French writer essentially invented the personal essay as a literary form.
MONTAIGNE_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Savonarola, a fiery Florentine friar, held 'Bonfires of the Vanities' before his own execution in 1498.
GIROLAMOThe leading painter of 16th-century Venice, famous for rich color, was known simply as _ _ _ _ _ _.
TITIANSailing for England, this Italian-born explorer reached the coast of North America in 1497.
CABOTIn 1527, mutinous troops loyal to Holy Roman Emperor _ _ _ _ _ _ _ V brutally sacked the city of Rome.
CHARLESThis 1454 treaty among Italian city-states ushered in roughly 40 years of relative peace, named for a small Lombard town.
LODIThis philosopher led the Medici-sponsored Platonic Academy, translating Plato's dialogues into Latin.
FICINOThis pope commissioned the Vatican chapel that still bears his name today.
SIXTUSThis mercenary general seized control of Milan in 1450, founding a new ruling dynasty there.
SFORZAThis English playwright, a rival of Shakespeare's, wrote 'Doctor Faustus' before dying young in a tavern brawl.
MARLOWEThis German master of engraving and painting created a famous self-portrait resembling Christ.
DURERThis German-born painter became court artist to England's King Henry VIII.
HOLBEINThis Flemish painter depicted peasant life and proverbs in vivid detail, as in 'The Peasant Wedding.'
BRUEGELThis painter and writer authored 'Lives of the Artists,' the first major work of Western art history.
VASARISandro Botticelli's painting shows a goddess emerging from a scallop shell, titled 'The Birth of _ _ _ _ _.'
VENUSThis Portuguese poet wrote the national epic 'Os Lusiadas,' celebrating Vasco da Gama's famous voyage.
CAMOESThis ruling family of Ferrara included the noted patron Isabella, a leading art collector of her day.
ESTEKnown for soft, harmonious landscapes, this painter was Raphael's teacher.
PERUGINOThis Tuscan rival of Florence is known for its shell-shaped central square, the Piazza del Campo.
SIENALeonardo famously wrote his notebook entries in reverse, readable only when held up to a _ _ _ _ _ _.
MIRROR_ _ _ _ _ da Gama completed the first all-sea route from Europe to India, arriving in 1498.
VASCOMachiavelli's treatise on gaining and keeping political power is titled 'The _ _ _ _ _ _.'
PRINCEThe Renaissance polymath who painted the Mona Lisa is known as _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ da Vinci.
LEONARDOIn 1492, this Genoese explorer sailed west across the Atlantic under the Spanish crown.
COLUMBUSThis German inventor's movable-type printing press, developed around 1440, transformed the spread of knowledge.
GUTENBERGNamed for his home city, this Venetian painter created huge, colorful feast scenes like 'The Wedding at Cana.'
VERONESEThis Milanese ruling family lost power when its last duke, Filippo Maria, died in 1447.
VISCONTIRuled by the Este family, this city-state was a noted center of Renaissance music and literature.
FERRARAPetrarch addressed many of his sonnets to a woman he idealized under the name _ _ _ _ _.
LAURAThis Florentine banker and power broker founded the Medici family's political dominance, funding art and architecture.
COSIMOThis city, the seat of the Papacy, experienced a major architectural and artistic revival under Renaissance popes.
ROMEThis sculptor spent decades on the bronze doors of Florence's Baptistery, later nicknamed the 'Gates of Paradise.'
GHIBERTIThe _ _ _ _ _ _ family's powerful Florentine bank funded much of the city's Renaissance art and architecture.
MEDICIBorn Giovanni de' Medici, this pope excommunicated the reformer Martin Luther in 1521.
LEOIn 1453, the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Empire captured Constantinople, ending Byzantine rule and pushing Greek scholars into Italy.
OTTOMANThe author of 'The Divine Comedy,' _ _ _ _ _ Alighieri, wrote in everyday Italian rather than Latin.
DANTE_ _ _ _ _ _ Tintoretto, a dramatic Venetian painter, got his nickname from his father's trade as a dyer.
JACOPOLeonardo da Vinci's famed portrait of a mysteriously smiling woman is titled the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
MONALISABaldassare Castiglione's guide to ideal Renaissance manners is called 'The Book of the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.'
COURTIERMichelangelo's fresco on the Sistine Chapel's altar wall, showing Christ's Second Coming, is called 'The Last _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.'
JUDGMENTVenetian printer Aldus _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ founded the Aldine Press and pioneered small, portable pocket editions of books.
MANUTIUSThis flamboyant sculptor and goldsmith wrote a boastful autobiography and cast the bronze 'Perseus with the Head of Medusa.'
CELLINIThis devout Dominican friar painted luminous frescoes in the monastery of San Marco in Florence.
ANGELICO_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ da Verrazzano, sailing for France, explored the North American coast including present-day New York Bay.
GIOVANNIThis architect and humanist wrote influential treatises on painting and building, including 'On Painting.'
ALBERTIRebuilt over more than a century, this Vatican church is the largest in Christendom and holds Michelangelo's Pieta.
BASILICAOften called the father of Humanism, this poet and scholar wrote sonnets to a woman named Laura.
PETRARCHMichelangelo spent four years painting the ceiling of this Vatican chapel.
SISTINEThomas More's 1516 book describing an ideal, imaginary island society gave English a brand-new word: '_ _ _ _ _ _.'
UTOPIA